New File Creation 5 9 Commentary

This is the archived 2019 edition of What Works in Conservation.
It has been superseded by a new expanded and updated edition, published in December 2020.

Introduction
Who is What Works in Conservation for?
The Conservation Evidence project
Which conservation interventions are included?
How we review the literature
What does What Works in Conservation include?
Expert assessment of the evidence
Categorization of interventions
How to use What Works in Conservation
1. AMPHIBIAN CONSERVATION
1.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
1.2 Threat: Agriculture
1.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
1.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
1.5 Threat: Biological resource use
1.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
1.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
1.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
1.9 Threat: Pollution
1.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
1.11 Habitat protection
1.12 Habitat restoration and creation
1.13 Species management
1.14 Education and awareness raising
2. BAT CONSERVATION
2.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
2.2 Threat: Agriculture
2.3 Threat: Energy production — mining
2.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
2.5 Threat: Biological resource use
2.6 Threat: Human disturbance — caving and tourism
2.7 Threat: Natural system modification
2.8 Threat: Invasive species and disease
2.9 Threat: Pollution
2.10 Climate change and severe weather
2.11 Habitat protection
2.12 Habitat restoration and creation
2.13 Species management
2.14 Education and awareness raising
3. BIRD CONSERVATION
3.1 Habitat protection
3.2 Education and awareness raising
3.3 Threat: Residential and commercial development
3.4 Threat: Agriculture
3.5 Threat: Energy production and mining
3.6 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
3.7 Threat: Biological resource use
3.8 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
3.9 Threat: Natural system modifications
3.10 Habitat restoration and creation
3.11 Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species
3.12 Threat: Pollution
3.13 Threat: Climate change, extreme weather and geological events
3.14 General responses to small/ declining populations
3.15 Captive breeding, rearing and releases (ex situ conservation)
4. FARMLAND CONSERVATION
4.1 All farming systems
4.2 Arable farming
4.3 Perennial (non-timber) crops
4.4 Livestock farming
4.5 Threat: Residential and commercial development
4.6 Threat: Agri-chemicals
4.7 Threat: Transport and service corridors
4.8 Threat: Hunting and trapping (for pest control, food or sport)
4.9 Threat: Natural system modification
4.10 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
4.11 Threat: Education and awareness
5. FOREST CONSERVATION
5.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
5.2 Threat: Agriculture
5.3 Threat: Transport and service corridors
5.4 Threat: Biological resource use
5.5 Habitat protection
5.6 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
5.7 Threat: Pollution
5.8 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
5.9 Habitat protection
5.10 Habitat restoration and creation
5.11 Actions to improve survival and growth rate of planted trees
5.12 Education and awareness raising
6. PEATLAND CONSERVATION
6.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
6.2 Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture
6.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
6.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
6.5 Threat: Biological resource use
6.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
6.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
6.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
6.9 Threat: Pollution
6.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
6.11 Habitat creation and restoration
6.12 Actions to complement planting
6.13 Habitat protection
6.14 Education and awareness
7. PRIMATE CONSERVATION
7.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
7.2 Threat: Agriculture
7.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
7.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
7.5 Threat: Biological resource use
7.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
7.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
7.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species and genes
7.9 Threat: Pollution
7.10 Education and Awareness
7.11 Habitat protection
7.12 Species management
7.13 Livelihood; economic and other incentives
8. SHRUBLAND AND HEATHLAND CONSERVATION
8.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
8.2 Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture
8.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
8.4 Threat: Biological resource use
8.5 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
8.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
8.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
8.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
8.9 Threat: Pollution
8.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
8.11 Threat: Habitat protection
8.12 Habitat restoration and creation
8.13 Actions to benefit introduced vegetation
8.14 Education and awareness
9. MANAGEMENT OF CAPTIVE ANIMALS
9.1 Ex-situ conservation – breeding amphibians
9.2 Promoting health and welfare in captive carnivores (felids, canids and ursids) through feeding practices
9.3 Promoting natural feeding behaviours in primates in captivity
10. SOME ASPECTS OF CONTROL OF FRESHWATER INVASIVE SPECIES
10.1 Threat: Invasive plants
10.2 Threat: Invasive molluscs
10.3 Threat: Invasive crustaceans
10.4 Threat: Invasive fish
10.5 Threat: Invasive reptiles
10.6 Threat: Invasive amphibians
11. SOME ASPECTS OF ENHANCING NATURAL PEST CONTROL
11.1 Reducing agricultural pollution
11.2 All farming systems
11.3 Arable farming
11.4 Perennial farming
11.5 Livestock farming and pasture
12. ENHANCING SOIL FERTILITY
12.1 Reducing agricultural pollution
12.2 All farming systems
12.3 Arable farming
12.4 Livestock and pasture farming

Lynn Dicks is a Research Fellow funded by the Natural Environment Research Council under the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Sustainability Programme (2013-2016). She works on how to use scientific evidence in policy and practice, developing methods to compile and synthesize ecological evidence and make it useful for decision-making. All her work is focused on insect pollinator conservation and ecosystem services in farmland, but the methods are widely applicable. She is a Co-ordinating Lead Author of the IPBES Thematic Assessment of Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production, due to be published in 2016. She has a degree from Oxford University in Biological Sciences (1995) and a PhD from Cambridge University (2002) on the ecology of flower-visiting insects. From 2002-2009, she worked as a science writer and science communications adviser.

Nancy Ockendonis the Miriam Rothschild Conservation Coordinator and works in the Conservation Science Group of the Zoology Department of the University of Cambridge. She is managing editor of the journal Conservation Evidence, and helps run the annual horizon scan of global conservation issues, as well as being involved in a range of projects as part of the Conservation Evidence group. Prior to this Nancy worked as a researcher in several conservation NGOs, mainly looking at the causes of changes in bird populations. She holds a degree in Zoology from Cambridge University and a PhD in ecological genetics of house sparrows from the University of Sheffield.
Silviu Petrovan is a Research Associate in the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK. He is part of the Conservation Evidence team at the University of Cambridge, a co-author of the Primate Conservation and Captive Management synopses and currently updating the Bird Conservation book. In 2018 he is co-editor of a special issue on amphibians in the journal Biological Conservation. He is a trustee at Froglife where he worked for 5 years as Conservation Coordinator (2011-2016) and undertook numerous research and practical conservation projects for amphibians, reptiles and wetland habitats, incorporating large-scale citizen science elements, automated monitoring hardware and software for ecological road mitigation and wildlife disease surveillance.

Rebecca K. Smith is a Research Associate in the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK. She holds degrees in the ecology and conservation of European hares (PhD, University of Bristol), Applied Ecology and Conservation (MSc, University of East Anglia) and Biology (BSc with Honours,University of Bristol). Dr Smith is part of the Conservation Evidence group at the University of Cambridge, which focuses on summarizing and disseminating scientific evidence about the effects of conservation interventions for habitats and species. She is an author of the Amphibian Conservation and Farmland Conservation synopses and has undertaken systematic reviews on the effectiveness of conservation management for birds. Prior to this work Dr Smith undertook projects developing monitoring and management strategies for high conservation priority mammal species. Her current role with Conservation Evidence includes facilitating the development and expert assessment of further synopses including reptile and forest conservation and invasive species management.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information:
Sutherland, W.J., Dicks, L.V., Ockendon, N., Petrovan, S.O., and Smith, R.K., What Works in Conservation 2019. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2019. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0179
Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Cover image: A close up shot of the underside of a Dwarf Cavendish (Musa acuminata) by Ben Clough, CC BY-SA 3.0. Wikimedia http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dwarf_cavendish_leaf_2.jpg
Cover design: Heidi Coburn

—Sebastiano Salvidio, Acta Herpetologica (2016) 11(2): 233-34

—Sebastiano Salvidio, Acta Herpetologica (2016) 11(2): 233-34